Fountain

Overview of Fountain

  • Fountain was not publicly commented upon again until 1934 when the leader of the surrealist movement and poet André Breton wrote a pioneering article that reviewed Duchamp’s career to date and placed the Fountain firmly in the context of Duchamp’s readymades (André Breton, ‘La Phare de la mariée’, Minotaure, vol.2, no.6, 1935, pp.45–9).
  • Fountains in the Middle Ages were associated with the source of life, purity, wisdom, innocence, and the Garden of Eden.[10] In illuminated manuscripts like the Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (1411–1416), the Garden of Eden was shown with a graceful gothic fountain in the center (see illustration).
  • Fountain has been seen as a quintessential example, along with Duchamp’s Bottle Rack 1914, of what he called a ‘readymade’, an ordinary manufactured object designated by the artist as a work of art (and, in Duchamp’s case, interpreted in a few way).
  • Fountains can also be used to mark a historical spot or monument, as the centerpiece of a walking path or labyrinth, as a feature in a garden design, or in any number of architecturally significant ways that add to the beauty of a space.
  • Fountain, in landscape architecture, an issue of water controlled or contained primarily for purposes of decoration, especially an artificially produced jet of water or the structure from which it rises.
  • Fountain is an award-winning columnist, journalist, professor, publisher and author of True Vine: A Young Black Man’s Journey of Faith, Hope and Clarity; and Dear Dad: Reflections on Fatherhood.
  • Fountain Electric specializes in residential, commercial and industrial electric services while also offering a comprehensive set of building services for home and business owners in North Carolina.
  • Fountain Paint Pot Trail is a half-mile walk on a boardwalk that takes you past the four major hydrothermal features in Yellowstone: hot springs, geysers, mud pots, and fumaroles.
  • Fountain is compliant with CASL, GDPR, and CCPA regulations and has also been verified against the SOC 2 framework, the gold standard in data security and policy procedures.
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    In these fountains, sculpture became the principal element, and the water was used simply to animate and decorate the sculptures.The 17th and 18th centuries were a golden age for fountains in Rome, which began with the reconstruction of ruined Roman aqueducts and the construction by the Popes of mostra, or display fountains, to mark their termini.The fountains of Rome, like the paintings of Rubens, were examples of the principles of Baroque art.The new fountains were expressions of the new Baroque art, which was officially promoted by the Catholic Church as a way to win popular support against the Protestant Reformation; the Council of Trent had declared in the 16th century that the Church should counter austere Protestantism with art that was lavish, animated and emotional.They were crowded with allegorical figures, and filled with emotion and movement.They, like baroque gardens, were “a visual representation of confidence and power.”[31]

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    Can units for standees overlap the clear floor space required at wheelchair accessible units?

    Units for standing access (or other elements) that do not have compliant
    knee and toe clearance cannot overlap or protrude into the clear floor
    space at adjacent wheelchair accessible units.Cantilevered units for
    standees with compliant knee and toe space can overlap the clear floor
    space at wheelchair accessible units but it is advisable to locate them
    outside the clearance since they can interfere with use of the lower
    unit when located in close proximity.

    Can water coolers or bottle fillers substitute for accessible drinking fountains?

    If drinking fountains are provided, water coolers or bottle fillers
    cannot be used as a substitute for either a wheelchair accessible unit
    or a unit for standees in new construction, alterations, or additions.Water coolers and bottle fillers can be provided in addition to, or be
    integrated with, drinking fountains.If no drinking fountain is
    provided, a compliant drinking fountain is not required even if water
    coolers or bottle fillers are provided.Water coolers and bottle fillers
    that are fixed or built-in must comply as operable parts (§205, §309)
    but are not subject to other requirements for drinking fountains.

    Do drinking fountains have to meet requirements for protruding objects?

    Yes, the Standards limit the protrusion into circulation paths of those
    objects, including drinking fountains that have leading edges higher
    than 27″ above the finish floor or ground.Cantilevered units with
    leading edges higher than 27″ must be recessed or protected as
    protruding objects.Wheelchair accessible units with a 27″ absolute
    knee clearance below do not require treatment as protruding objects.

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    When must drinking fountains be designed for use by children?

    The Standards do not specify where units must be mounted or designed
    specifically for children.This determination is left to other building
    codes or regulations, good practice, client preference, or other
    factors.Instead, the Standards provide an exception that can be used
    when the decision is made to mount drinking fountains at heights for
    children ages 12 and younger.Under this exception, a parallel approach
    is permitted instead of a forward approach with knee and toe clearance
    in order to accommodate a lower unit height provided that the spout is
    no higher than 30″ and no more than 3½” from the front edge of the
    unit, including bumpers (§602.6).

    Who made Fountain?

    Fountain comes from several sources.John August and Nima Yousefi developed Scrippets, which used simple markup to embed screenplay-formatted material in websites.Stu Maschwitz drafted a more extensive spec known as Screenplay Markdown or SPMD, designed for full-length screenplays.

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    History of Fountain

  • In 1503, Pope Julius II decided to recreate a classical pleasure garden in the same place.
  • In 1537, in Florence, Cosimo I de’ Medici, who had become ruler of the city at the age of only 17, also decided to launch a program of aqueduct and fountain building.
  • In 1630, another Medici, Marie de Medici, the widow of Henry IV, built her own monumental fountain in Paris, the Medici Fountain, in the garden of the Palais du Luxembourg.
  • In 1800–1802 the Emperor Paul I of Russia and his successor, Alexander I of Russia, built a new fountain at the foot of the cascade depicting Samson prying open the mouth of a lion, representing Peter’s victory over Sweden in the Great Northern War in 1721.
  • In 1859, The Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association was established to promote the provision of drinking water for people and animals in the United Kingdom and overseas.
  • In 1884 a fountain in Britain featured electric lights shining upward through the water.
  • In 1945, however, Man Ray referred in print to the story of Fountain without any qualification in an article he published in View magazine about his long friendship with Duchamp.
  • In 1963 the Pasadena Art Museum organised the first retrospective of Duchamp’s work.
  • In 1964 the Galleria Schwarz reproduced Fountain, along with other dada-period works by Duchamp, in an edition of eight, fabricating the objects on the basis on the Stieglitz photograph and working closely with Duchamp.
  • In 1971 Splendid resumed its infrequent activity.
  • In 2002 literary historian Irene Gammel claimed that, if a woman was involved in the submission of Fountain, that woman might have Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven (1874–1927), an eccentric German poet and artist who loved Duchamp and was in turn jealous of him and mildly contemptuous of what she saw as his absorption in fashionable circles (see Irene Gammel, Baroness Elsa: Gender, Dada, and Everyday Modernity.
  • In 2002, a magnitude-7.9 earthquake in Alaska changed the behavior of some of the Yellowstone geysers, more than 1,900 miles away.
  • In 2012, Fountain received the Illinois Associated Press Editors Association Award and the Chicago Journalists Association Sarah Brown Boyden Award for his Chicago Sun-Times column.
  • In 2014, Fountain’s Sun-Times column was awarded best column by the Illinois Press Association.
  • In 2015, five flagpoles and flags were added in the median leading to the fountain representing each branch of the military.
  • In 2016, black marble kiosks surrounding the fountain were etched to tell the story of the Freedom Fountain.