Opium

Overview of Opium

Opium is the dried milky exudate derived from the unripe seed capsules of the poppy plant, Papaver somniferum.67 Opium contains 24 alkaloids including morphine, codeine, and thebaine (dimethylmorphine).67 Raw opium consists of at least 10% morphine, but variability exists by growing region.68 Laudanum is the deodorized tincture of opium, and paregoric is the camphorated tincture of opium.68 The opioids have found great use medicinally for their analgesic properties and recreationally for their psychoactive effects.

Opium certainly has been a lubricant for existing social structures — assisting conflict resolution processes[8] and easing underlying social tensions between alternative ethnic and social groups.[9] Undoubtedly, it has supported the rise of a “shadow state,” where the distinction between the use official position for the public good and private gain merges.

Opium smoking in France was introduced for the most part by French expatriates returning home from stints in their Indochinese colonies.[7] By the early 20th century, there were numerous opium dens in France’s port cities, particularly Toulon, Marseille and Hyères.[8]

Opium used to be surrounded in divine mystery or magic-like abilities and was given to cure a wide variety of diseases until its analgesic, antitussive, and antidiarrheal properties were understood, the resulting alkaloids were isolated, and their structure and properties unmasked.

Opium went from being sold in any store front in the form of pills or tinctures with no prescription necessary for purchase or smoked in an opium den down the street, to then bringing about consumer advocacy and the right to know what is in a medication.

Opium played a critical and contradictory role in the rhetoric and practice of the civilizing mission in colonial Southeast Asia at the turn civilizing projects, while colonial governments struggled to justify the sale of opium to colonized peoples.

Opium and opiate derivatives, which include morphine, heroin and prescription pain killers including oxycodone, continue to be widely used and abused throughout the world, figuring largely in the current opioid crisis in the United States and beyond.

Opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan reached a record-high last year, leading to unprecedented levels of potential heroin on the world market, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) said in a new report released on Monday.

Opium is a dried milky fluid obtained from opium poppy plants (Papaver somniferum) with a long history of both medicinal use for pain and recreational use dating at least as far back as its cultivation in ancient Mesopotamia in 3400 BCE.

Opium poppy is considered a schedule II controlled substance and this discovery prompted a small sample of the item being forwarded to the Laboratory & Scientific Services (LSS).

Mine

Use of opium with other substances that depress the central nervous system, such as alcohol, antihistamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, or general anesthetics, increases the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression.

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How should I take opium preparation?

This medication is usually taken 1 to 4 times daily to treat diarrhea.Follow all directions on your prescription label.Opium preparation can slow or stop your breathing.Never use opium preparation in larger amounts, or for longer than prescribed.

How should I take opium preparation?

This medication is usually taken 1 to 4 times daily to treat diarrhea.Follow all directions on your prescription label.Opium preparation can slow or stop your breathing.Never use opium preparation in larger amounts, or for longer than prescribed.

So what effect did Iron Tempest have on narcotics production?

The answer is very little.When the air campaign ended, the US military reported that "narcotics production in Afghanistan remained at elevated levels.

So, what were the Americans actually attacking?

That was the question Dr David Mansfield asked himself when he first watched that opening salvo in the campaign.

What Are Opioids?

Opioids are a class of drugs naturally found in the opium poppy plant and that work in the brain to produce a variety of effects, including the relief of pain with many of these drugs.

What are the possible side effects of opium preparation?

Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

What are the possible side effects of opium preparation?

Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

What happens if I miss a dose?

Take the missed dose as soon as you remember.Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose.Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.

What happens if I miss a dose?

Take the missed dose as soon as you remember.Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose.Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.

What happens if I overdose?

Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.An opium preparation overdose can be fatal, especially in a child or other person using the medicine without a prescription.

What happens if I overdose?

Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.An opium preparation overdose can be fatal, especially in a child or other person using the medicine without a prescription.

What is it?

Non-synthetic narcotic extracted from the poppy plant, made into a liquid, powder or solid.Opium poppy is a key source for many narcotics.

What is opium preparation?

Opium preparation is an opioid, sometimes called a narcotic.

What is opium preparation?

Opium preparation is an opioid, sometimes called a narcotic.

What is Opium?

Opium is a highly addictive narcotic drug acquired in the dried latex form the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) seed pod.Heroin is derived from the morphine alkaloid found in opium.

What is the most important information I should know about opium preparation?

Do not use this medicine if the safety seal on the cap is broken or missing.

What is the most important information I should know about opium preparation?

Do not use this medicine if the safety seal on the cap is broken or missing.

What other drugs will affect opium preparation?

Taking opium preparation with other drugs that make you sleepy or slow your breathing can cause dangerous side effects or death.Ask your doctor before taking a sleeping pill, opioid pain medicine, prescription cough medicine, a muscle relaxer, or medicine for anxiety, depression, or seizures.

What other drugs will affect opium preparation?

Taking opium preparation with other drugs that make you sleepy or slow your breathing can cause dangerous side effects or death.Ask your doctor before taking a sleeping pill, opioid pain medicine, prescription cough medicine, a muscle relaxer, or medicine for anxiety, depression, or seizures.

What should I avoid while taking opium preparation?

Do not drink alcohol.Dangerous side effects or death could occur.

What should I avoid while taking opium preparation?

Do not drink alcohol.Dangerous side effects or death could occur.

What should I discuss with my health care provider before taking opium preparation?

Do not use this medicine if the safety seal on the cap is broken or missing.

What should I discuss with my health care provider before taking opium preparation?

Do not use this medicine if the safety seal on the cap is broken or missing.

Where can I get more information?

Your doctor or pharmacist can provide more information about opium preparation.

Where can I get more information?

Your doctor or pharmacist can provide more information about opium preparation.

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History of Opium

In 1680, laudanum (a compound containing opium, sherry wine, and herbs) was introduced by Thomas Sydenham to treat pain, insomnia, and diarrhea.

In 1803, morphine, the principal ingredient in opium, was extracted from opium resin.

In 1839, war broke out between Britain and China over the opium trade.

In 1857, the Second Opium War resulted in the unequal Treaties of Tianjin which included a clause allowing Britain and France to recruit Chinese to the British Colonies, North America, South America, and Australia as cheap labour.

In 1868, the Pharmacy Act recognised dangerous drugs and limited their sale to registered chemists and pharmacists, but until the end of the nineteenth century few doctors and scientists warned about the dangers of drug addiction.

In 1890, a tax was placed on the drug, and use declined.

In 1891, the Census recorded 582 Chinese-born residents in Britain, though this dropped to 387 in 1896.

In 1898 it was discovered that treating morphine with acetic anhydride yields heroin, which is four to eight times as potent as morphine in both its pain-killing properties and its addictive potential.

In 1914 because of concerns regarding addiction and toxicity, the Harrison Narcotic Act was enacted to make the nonmedical use of opioids illegal.

In 1948 Burma (Myanmar), located along the southwestern border of China, gained independence and soon after emerged as a major producer of the drug, paralleling the suppression of opium cultivation in China.

In 1972 Schamroth, Krikler, and Garrett were the first to link the arrhythmia terminating action of verapamil with the concept of calcium channel blockade.

In 2004, 87% of the world illicits opium production was in Afghanistan, making up an estimated 60% of the country's GDP.

In 2011, Iran accounted for 80 per cent of the opium seizures in the world, and 30 percent of the heroin seizures.

In 2017, opium cultivation in Afghanistan reached a record high, with multifaceted impacts on the country.

In the 1860s, “Dark England” with its opium dens in London’s East End was described in popular press and books, various individuals and religious organisations began to campaign against unrestricted opium trafficking.

In the 1930s it was tried without success in angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias.

In the 1960s and 1970s, opium cultivation shifted to Southeast Asia, a decade later to Turkey and Pakistan, and later to Afghanistan.